Inheritance Patterns

 

Mendel

Background information on Mendel

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  • Watch video clip from Lecture 6 (10:08 - 16:39)

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Mendel's Experiments and Law of Segregation

Mendel's inheritance experiments with peas that led to the model that each trait is controlled by one dominant allele and one recessive allele.

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  • Watch video clip from Lecture 6 (16:39 - 32:25)

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Test Crosses as Proofs for Mendel's Model

Use Mendel's Model to verify predictions for the inheritance of several pea traits.

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  • Watch video clip from Lecture 6 (32:25 - 36:21)

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Definitions in Genetics

Useful definitions in the field of genetics including: Gene, allele, phenotype, genotype, homozygote, heterozygote, dominant, and recessive.

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  • Watch video clip from Lecture 6 (36:21 - 41:50)

Definition: Genotype, homozygous, heterozygous, phenotype, F1 generation, F2 generation, dominant, recessive.

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Human Genetics and Pedigrees

Introduction to human genetics studies, pedigrees, notations, and modes of inheritance-dominant, recessive, and X-linked.

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  • Watch video clip from Lecture 9 (7:24 - 18:50)

Symbols and notations used in pedigrees. Example: X-linked color blindness.

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  • Watch video clip from Lecture 23 (45:20 - 51:36)

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Properties of X-linked and Autosomal Dominant Inheritance

Properties in a pedigree that suggest X-linked trait or autosomal dominant trait.

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  • Watch video clip from Lecture 9 (18:50 - 30:03)

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Other Influences of Inheritance

Incomplete penetrance, sex-limited traits, environmental influences, and alleleic frequencies can influence the way a pedigree is interpreted.

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  • Watch video clip from Lecture 9 (30:03 - 42:20)

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Consanguinity and Recessive Inheritance

Consanguineous marriages resulted in more offspring that are homozygous recessive for rare mutations because it is more likely that both parents are carriers.

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  • Watch video clip from Lecture 9 (42:20 - 49:57)

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Cohen Y Chromosome

Inheritance of Cohen Y chromosome.

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  • Watch video clip from Lecture 32 (40:11 - 45:15)

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Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment

Independent assortment of traits and chromosomes demonstrated by dihybrid crosses with two traits.

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  • Watch video clip from Lecture 7 (6:26 - 10:40)

Mendel's dihybrid crosses testing for two traits. Concluded that traits assorted independently. Punnett square for a dihybrid cross.

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  • Watch video clip from Lecture 23 (7:12 - 13:56)

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Genetic Linkage

Two traits that are on the same chromosome may not segregate independently. Genetic linkage reconciles Mendel's theory and the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance.

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  • Watch video clip from Lecture 7 (10:40 - 14:53)

Introduction to genetic linkages and their effect on the 4x4 Punnett Square.

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Mendel's Experiments

Choice of peas as experimental model. Experimental methods/crosses and results.

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  • Watch video clip from Lecture 21 (5:46 - 15:30)

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Mendel's Law of Segregation

Mendel's model based on his experiments. Proposed Law of Segregation-the idea of genetic information/particles, dominance and recessivity. Introduction to Punnett square. Definitions: Homozygous, heterozygous, genotype, phenotype.

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  • Watch video clip from Lecture 21 (15:30 - 26:32)

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Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance II

Predicts independent assortment only if traits are on separate chromosomes. Parental versus non-parental phenotypes.

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  • Watch video clip from Lecture 23 (13:56 - 21:33)

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Genetic Recombination and Genetic Maps

Discovery of recombination during cross over of chromosomes during meiosis I. Define recombination frequency. Use recombination frequency to create genetic maps.

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  • Watch video clip from Lecture 23 (21:33 - 36:48)

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Sex Linkage

Autosomes versus sex chromosomes. Morgan's experiment which discovered sex-linkage. Carriers and inheritance patterns.

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  • Watch video clip from Lecture 23 (36:48 - 45:20)

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Introduction to Mendelian Genetics

Discussion of the questions of genetics and an introduction to Gregor Mendel, his laws, Punnett squares, and basic nomenclature.

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Mendel's First Law

Introduction to Mendel's first law, with 2x2 Punnett Squares.

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Mendel's Second Law

Introduction to two-trait Mendellian genetics, with 4x4 Punnett Squares.

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Dominance

An explanation on the mechanics of dominance in alleles.

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Patterns of Inheritance

Discussion of autosomal dominance, autosomal recessiveness and carriers, sex-linkage, and other inheritance patterns.

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Examples of Inheritance

PKU, Cystic Fibrosis, and others.

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Framework for Studying Inheritance

A discussion of pedigrees, family trees, and allele frequency.

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Penetrance

Discussion of penetrance and obligate carriers.

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Genes

Clarification of genes, alleles, traits, genotype, phenotype, and dominance.

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Genotype and Phenotype

Variations on modes of inheritance-co-dominance and epistasis.

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Central Dogma - Example I

Transcription and translation of a given gene and DNA mutations that affect the protein product.

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Pedigree - Practice I and II

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Use family pedigree to predict the mode of inheritance. Predict gene arrangement on the chromosomes based on linkage.

Use pedigree to predict the mode and probability of inheritance.

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Recombination and Linkage

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Mono- and dihybrid crosses to determine mode of inheritance and linkage of two traits.

Characteristics of linked genes and calculation of recombination frequencies.

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Sex Linkage - Example

Determine mode of inheritance based on pedigrees and calculate the probability of inheriting a disease or being a carrier.

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Mendelian Genetics

One and two trait crosses that demonstrate simple Mendelian genetics as well as codominance and lethal phenotypes.

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Pedigrees and Genetic Linkage

Pedigrees of blood groups and two linked traits. Practice for co-dominance and recombination.

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Diploid Genetics

Determine genotypes and modes of inheritance based on phenotypes of several crosses. Crosses involve dominance, recessivity, co-dominance, and lethal phenotypes.

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Recombination - Chromosomes

Conceptual questions on the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance, sexual reproduction, and chromosomal recombination.

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Pedigrees - Review and Examples

Two examples of human pedigrees used to predict the mode of inheritance. Recombination is taken into consideration when calculating probability of inheritance.

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Mode of Inheritance - Pedigree

Determine modes and probability of inheritance based on pedigree.

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Mode of Inheritance - Genetic Crosses

Determine modes and probability of inheritance based on genetic crosses.

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Crosses and progeny ratios used to determine the mode of inheritance.

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Genetic Linkage and Recombination - Example

Mode of inheritance and linkage between two genes.

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Dihybrid Crosses and Recombination

Recombination between two linked traits and mode of inheritance.

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