Chlorophyll captures sunlight, creates a proton gradient, which makes ATP as a form of energy storage. In addition to ATP energy, organisms also needed a source of reducing power (NADPH or H₂O).

Comparison to photosynthesis release I. Uses more energy; produces ATP as energy and NADPH as reducing source; generates oxygen as a waste product. Structure and the evolution of the chloroplast.

Inorganic and organic carbon sources. Solar and chemical energy sources. Oxidation and reduction. Definition and examples of autotrophs and heterotrophs.

Basic Calvin cycle: Converts carbon dioxide into glucose, uses ATP and NADPH.

Brief overview. Formation of energy and reducing power (NADPH) for the Calvin cycle. Evolution of oxygen. Niche for the photosynthetic bacteria that carries out anoxygenic photosynthesis.

Energy from various redox reactions. Also creates energy and reducing power (NADPH) for the Calvin cycle.

Environment and conditions of deep sea volcano for chemosynthetic bacteria.

Use glycolysis as an illustration of chemical reactions. Emphasis on the production of ATP as an energy currency.

Steps and comparison between cyclic and non-cyclic photosynthesis that produce proton gradients for ATP production.

Classification of organisms based on carbon source, energy source, and electron donor. Name, definition and examples from each class.

Biochemical reactions involved for heterotrophs including: Photosynthesis, chemosynthesis, and the dark reactions (Calvin cycle).

Plant uptake and incorporation of carbon dioxide.

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Various compounds used as electron donors and acceptors in respiration and chemosynthesis.

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Overview and evolution of photosynthesis.

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Comparison and steps in cyclic and non-cyclic phosphorylation.

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Examples of three types of bacteria characterized based on requirements of light, carbon source, and electron source.

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RNA world, cyclic photosynthesis and non-cyclic photosynthesis.

Solution (PDF) Solutions at end of document

Carbon and electron sources for processes in respiration and photosynthesis. Energy storage in bonds for coupled reactions. Includes good diagrams of chemical reactions in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.

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Carbon, electron and energy sources for processes in respiration and photosynthesis.

Solution (PDF)